Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disorder mainly targeting the joints. Key points regarding its causes include:

1. Autoimmune Response: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) develops when the immune system erroneously targets the synovium, which is the lining of the membranes surrounding the joints.
2. Genetic Factors: Having a family history of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) may increase your risk, indicating a genetic predisposition.
3. Environmental Triggers: Exposure to certain environmental factors, like infections or specific chemicals, could trigger RA in those with a genetic susceptibility.
4. Hormonal Factors: The higher prevalence of RA in women suggests that hormonal factors may contribute.
5. Lifestyle Factors: Known risk factors such as smoking and obesity can heighten the probability of developing RA.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disorder with a range of symptoms. Common ones include:

Joint Symptoms:

• Pain and Tenderness: Joints may be painful and tender.
• Swelling: Joints might swell and feel warm.
• Stiffness: This is often worse in the mornings or after inactivity.
• Redness: Joints can appear red.

Whole-Body Symptoms:

• Fatigue: A pervasive feeling of tiredness and low energy.
• Fever: Flare-ups may cause low-grade fevers.
• Weight Loss: There may be unintentional weight loss.

Other Symptoms:

• Nodules: Firm bumps under the skin, typically around pressure points.
• Dry Eyes and Mouth: Gland inflammation can lead to dryness.
• Lung and Heart Issues: Inflammation may affect the lungs and heart, potentially causing pleurisy and pericarditis.

RA symptoms can fluctuate, with periods of flares and remission. For specific concerns or symptoms, consulting a healthcare professional is advisable.

Diagnosing Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA):

Physical Examination: Doctors examine joints for swelling, redness, warmth, and function.
Blood Tests: These identify inflammation markers and antibodies like Rheumatoid Factor (RF) and anti-CCP.
Imaging Tests: X-rays, MRIs, and ultrasounds evaluate joint damage and inflammation.
Joint Fluid Analysis: Analyzing joint fluid helps exclude other conditions.

Treating Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA):

Medications:
Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs (DMARDs): These, including methotrexate and sulfasalazine, slow RA progression.
Biologic Agents: Targeting specific immune system parts, these include etanercept and infliximab.
Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs): Reduce pain and inflammation.
Corticosteroids: Offer rapid inflammation and pain relief.

Therapies:
Physical Therapy: Improves joint function and mobility.
Occupational Therapy: Helps adapt daily activities to minimize joint strain.

Lifestyle Changes:
Regular Exercise: Maintains joint flexibility and muscle strength.
Healthy Diet: Incorporating anti-inflammatory foods like fish oils, leafy greens, and turmeric is beneficial.
Weight Management: Reducing weight decreases stress on joints.

Surgery: Joint replacement or tendon repair may be options in severe cases.

Managing RA typically involves a combination of these methods, customized to the patient’s needs. A rheumatologist can assist in creating an individualized treatment plan.

Content by SHW Research Team/Mayoclinic.org